2014-2-PHI110-03

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__NOTITLE__ Studying 2014/2 PHI110: Philosophy, Morality and Society. Week 3. Undertaken Study Period 2, 2014. Content is quoted and/or summarised from the university website in fair dealing for purpose of research or study. See also: StudyWISE and AIMS.

Stoic Ethics

Stoicism was the other major school of ethics in the Hellenistic period. It was founded by Zeno of Citium (331-261 BCE). The term ‘Stoic’ comes from the word “Stoa” (painted collonade) where Zeno used to teach. Zeno’s teachings were then elaborated and modified by his pupils Cleanthes and Chrysippius. Stoicism was then taken up in the Roman world, popularised by Cicero, and made famous by the personal diaries (the Meditations) of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD). Other important Stoics included Epictetus and Seneca (senator and advisor to Nero).

Links

Herewith a list of additional content:

Lectures

Responses

Lecture 5, t=26:24: "Stoic themes have ever since continued to recur in all sorts of different contexts. Existentialist philosophy is often described as quite Stoic, before that there was Spinoza, a 17th century rationalist philosopher; as well as Immanuel Kant, who are both often described as having kind of slightly Stoic aspects to their moral philosophy. Even the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, if you read some of his texts on religion and civilisation it has quite a Stoic view of morality."

Lecture 5, t=43:17: Spinoza mentioned again, especially as he equates God with Nature.

Lecture 6, t=55:37: Spinoza mentioned for the third time, as he spoke of the "view-point of eternity".

Notes

Questions

Readings

Readings downloaded from e-Reserve.

Notable quotes

Answers

TODO: answer the reading questions.

Activities

Work

TODO

Things to do, most important on top:

Done

Things that are done, most recent on top:

Vocabulary

Herewith a list of new and/or interesting words and selected definitions:

stoicism
Indifference to pleasure or pain; impassiveness.
A school of philosophy during the Roman Empire that emphasised reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress.
consequentialism
The view that the value of an action derives solely from the value of its consequences.
karmic
Of or pertaining to karma.
karma
Hinduism & Buddhism The total effect of a person's actions and conduct during the successive phases of the person's existence, regarded as determining the person's destiny.
Fate; destiny.
Informal A distinctive aura, atmosphere, or feeling: There's bad karma around the house today.
secular
Worldly rather than spiritual.
Not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body: secular music.
Relating to or advocating secularism.
Not bound by monastic restrictions, especially not belonging to a religious order. Used of the clergy.
Occurring or observed once in an age or century.
Lasting from century to century.
A member of the secular clergy.
A layperson.
Not specifically religious.
Temporal; something that is worldly or otherwise not based on something timeless.
sentient
Having sense perception; conscious.
Experiencing sensation or feeling.
censure
An expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism.
An official rebuke, as by a legislature of one of its members.
To criticize severely; blame. See Synonyms at criticize.
To express official disapproval of.
utility
The quality or condition of being useful; usefulness: "I have always doubted the utility of these conferences on disarmament” ( Winston S. Churchill).
A useful article or device.
A public utility.
A commodity or service, such as electricity, water, or public transportation, that is provided by a public utility.
altruism
Unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness.
Zoology Instinctive behavior that is detrimental to the individual but favors the survival or spread of that individual's genes, as by benefiting its relatives.
psychologist
A person trained and educated to perform psychological research, testing, and therapy.
psychological
Of or relating to psychology: psychological research.
Of, relating to, or arising from the mind or emotions.
Influencing or intended to influence the mind or emotions: psychological warfare.
Of or being any of certain primary colors whose mixture may be subjectively conceived as producing other colors.
innate
Possessed at birth; inborn.
Possessed as an essential characteristic; inherent.
Of or produced by the mind rather than learned through experience: an innate knowledge of right and wrong.
culture
The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population: Edwardian culture; Japanese culture; the culture of poverty.
These patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular category, such as a field, subject, or mode of expression: religious culture in the Middle Ages; musical culture; oral culture.
The predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization.
Intellectual and artistic activity and the works produced by it.
Development of the intellect through training or education.
Enlightenment resulting from such training or education.
A high degree of taste and refinement formed by aesthetic and intellectual training.
Special training and development: voice culture for singers and actors.
The cultivation of soil; tillage.
The breeding of animals or growing of plants, especially to produce improved stock.
Biology The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium.
Biology Such a growth or colony, as of bacteria.
To cultivate.
To grow (microorganisms or other living matter) in a specially prepared nutrient medium.
To use (a substance) as a medium for culture: culture milk.
tillage
The cultivation of arable land by plowing, sowing and raising crops.
Land that has been so cultivated.
pact
A formal agreement, such as one between nations; a treaty.
A compact; a bargain.
compact
Closely and firmly united or packed together; dense: compact clusters of flowers.
Occupying little space compared with others of its type: a compact camera; a compact car.
Brief and to the point; concise: a compact narration.
Marked by or having a short solid physique: a wrestler of compact build.
To press or join firmly together: a kitchen device that compacted the trash.
To make by pressing or joining together; compose.
To consolidate; combine.
To be capable of being pressed tightly together or to become so pressed: garbage that compacts easily.
A small case containing a mirror, pressed powder, and a powder puff.
An automobile that is bigger in size than a subcompact but smaller than an intermediate.
An agreement or a covenant. See Synonyms at bargain.
consist
To be made up or composed: New York City consists of five boroughs.
To have a basis; reside or lie: The beauty of the artist's style consists in its simplicity.
To be compatible; accord: The information consists with her account.
rational
Having or exercising the ability to reason.
Of sound mind; sane.
Consistent with or based on reason; logical: rational behaviour.
Capable of reasoning.
Logically sound; not contradictory or otherwise absurd.
Healthy or balanced intellectually; exhibiting reasonableness.
A rational number: a number that can be expressed as the quotient of two integers.
basis
A foundation upon which something rests.
The chief constituent; the fundamental ingredient: The basis for most liquids is water.
The fundamental principle.
A pattern or schedule for proceeding: on a weekly basis.
A condition for relating or proceeding: a first-name basis; a friendly basis.
ought
Used to indicate obligation or duty: You ought to work harder than that.
Used to indicate advisability or prudence: You ought to wear a raincoat.
Used to indicate desirability: You ought to have been there; it was great fun.
Used to indicate probability or likelihood: She ought to finish by next week.
conduct
To direct the course of; manage or control.
To lead or guide. See Synonyms at accompany.
Music To lead (an orchestra, for example).
To serve as a medium for conveying; transmit: Some metals conduct heat.
To comport (oneself) in a specified way: She conducted herself stoically in her time of grief.
To act as a conductor.
To lead.
The way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics.
The act of directing or controlling; management.
Obsolete A guide; an escort.
equanimity
The quality of being calm and even-tempered; composure.
principle
A basic truth, law, or assumption: the principles of democracy.
A rule or standard, especially of good behavior: a man of principle.
The collectivity of moral or ethical standards or judgments: a decision based on principle rather than expediency.
A fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action.
A basic or essential quality or element determining intrinsic nature or characteristic behavior: the principle of self-preservation.
A rule or law concerning the functioning of natural phenomena or mechanical processes: the principle of jet propulsion.
Chemistry One of the elements that compose a substance, especially one that gives some special quality or effect.
A basic source. See Usage Note at principal.
fester
To generate pus; suppurate.
To form an ulcer.
To undergo decay; rot.
To be or become an increasing source of irritation or poisoning; rankle: bitterness that festered and grew.
To be subject to or exist in a condition of decline: allowed the once beautiful park to fester.
To infect, inflame, or corrupt.
A small festering sore or ulcer; a pustule.
suppurate
To form or discharge pus.
colonnade
Architecture A series of columns placed at regular intervals.
Architecture A structure composed of columns placed at regular intervals.
Portico, stoa.
discourse
Verbal expression in speech or writing.
Verbal exchange; conversation.
A formal, lengthy discussion of a subject, either written or spoken.
Archaic The process or power of reasoning.
To speak or write formally and at length. See Synonyms at speak.
To engage in conversation or discussion; converse.
Archaic To narrate or discuss.
robust
Full of health and strength; vigorous.
Powerfully built; sturdy. See Synonyms at healthy.
Requiring or suited to physical strength or endurance: robust labour.
Rough or crude; boisterous: a robust tale.
Marked by richness and fullness; full-bodied: a robust wine.
recur
To happen, come up, or show up again or repeatedly.
To return to one's attention or memory.
To return in thought or discourse.
To have recourse: recur to the use of force.
context
The part of a text or statement that surrounds a particular word or passage and determines its meaning.
The circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting.
reflect
To throw or bend back (light, for example) from a surface. See Synonyms at echo.
To give back or show an image of (an object); mirror.
To make apparent; express or manifest: Her work reflects intelligence.
To bring as a consequence: The victory reflects credit on the coach.
Archaic To bend back.
To be bent or thrown back: Her voice reflected off the canyon walls.
To give something back, as light or sound: a shiny surface that reflects well.
To give evidence of the characteristics or qualities of someone or something: That student's performance reflects well on the whole school.
To bring blame or discredit: Hasty preparation of the report will reflect on you.
To think seriously. See Synonyms at think.
To express carefully considered thoughts: In the essay, he reflects on his career.
analyse
To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations.
Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of.
Mathematics To make a mathematical analysis of.
To psychoanalyze.
existentialism
A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts.
wan
Unnaturally pale, as from physical or emotional distress.
Suggestive or indicative of weariness, illness, or unhappiness; melancholy: a wan expression.
To become pale.
wane
To decrease gradually in size, amount, intensity, or degree; decline.
To exhibit a decreasing illuminated area from full moon to new moon.
To approach an end.
The act or process of gradually declining or diminishing.
A time or phase of gradual decrease.
The period of the decrease of the moon's illuminated visible surface.
A defective edge of a board caused by remaining bark or a bevelled end.
motif
A recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work.
A dominant theme or central idea.
Music A short rhythmic or melodic passage that is repeated or evoked in various parts of a composition.
A repeated figure or design in architecture or decoration. See Synonyms at figure.
virtue
Moral excellence and righteousness; goodness.
An example or kind of moral excellence: the virtue of patience.
Chastity, especially in a woman.
A particularly efficacious, good, or beneficial quality; advantage: a plan with the virtue of being practical.
Effective force or power: believed in the virtue of prayer.
Christianity The fifth of the nine orders of angels in medieval angelology.
Obsolete Manly courage; valour.
ecstasis
In pathology, same as ecstasy.
pathology
The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Also called pathobiology.
The anatomic or functional manifestations of a disease: the pathology of cancer.
A departure or deviation from a normal condition: "Neighbourhoods plagued by a self-perpetuating pathology of joblessness, welfare dependency, crime" (Time).
ecstasy
Intense joy or delight.
A state of emotion so intense that one is carried beyond rational thought and self-control: an ecstasy of rage.
The trance, frenzy, or rapture associated with mystic or prophetic exaltation.
Slang MDMA.
imperturbability
A state of calm, unruffled self-assurance; aplomb, composure.
psychology
The science that deals with mental processes and behaviour.
The emotional and behavioral characteristics of an individual, group, or activity: the psychology of war.
Subtle tactical action or argument used to manipulate or influence another: He used poor psychology on his employer when trying to make the point.
Philosophy The branch of metaphysics that studies the soul, the mind, and the relationship of life and mind to the functions of the body.
nature
The material world and its phenomena.
The forces and processes that produce and control all the phenomena of the material world: the laws of nature.
The world of living things and the outdoors: the beauties of nature.
A primitive state of existence, untouched and uninfluenced by civilization or artificiality: couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature.
Theology Humankind's natural state as distinguished from the state of grace.
A kind or sort: confidences of a personal nature.
The essential characteristics and qualities of a person or thing: "She was only strong and sweet and in her nature when she was really deep in trouble" (Gertrude Stein).
The fundamental character or disposition of a person; temperament: "Strange natures made a brotherhood of ill" (Percy Bysshe Shelley).
The natural or real aspect of a person, place, or thing. See Synonyms at disposition.
The processes and functions of the body.
attain
To gain as an objective; achieve: attain a diploma by hard work.
To arrive at, as by virtue of persistence or the passage of time. See Synonyms at reach.
To succeed in a directed effort, process, or progression: attained to high office; eventually attained to wisdom.
attuned
Simple past tense and past participle of attune.
Tuned to the correct pitch.
Brought into harmony.
Adapted to a particular context.
lead by the nose
Conceal one's true motives from especially by elaborately feigning good intentions so as to gain an end.
cosmetic
A preparation, such as powder or a skin cream, designed to beautify the body by direct application.
Something superficial that is used to cover a deficiency or defect.
Serving to beautify the body, especially the face and hair.
Serving to modify or improve the appearance of a physical feature, defect, or irregularity: cosmetic surgery.
Decorative rather than functional: cosmetic fenders on cars.
Lacking depth or significance; superficial: made a few cosmetic changes when she took over the company.
holism
The theory that living matter or reality is made up of organic or unified wholes that are greater than the simple sum of their parts.
A holistic investigation or system of treatment.
holistic
Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.
Concerned with wholes rather than analysis or separation into parts: holistic medicine; holistic ecology.
ego
The self, especially as distinct from the world and other selves.
In psychoanalysis, the division of the psyche that is conscious, most immediately controls thought and behavior, and is most in touch with external reality.
An exaggerated sense of self-importance; conceit.
Appropriate pride in oneself; self-esteem.
transcendent
Surpassing others; preeminent or supreme.
Lying beyond the ordinary range of perception: "fails to achieve a transcendent significance in suffering and squalor" (National Review).
Philosophy Transcending the Aristotelian categories.
Philosophy In Kant's theory of knowledge, being beyond the limits of experience and hence unknowable.
Being above and independent of the material universe. Used of the Deity.
divine
Having the nature of or being a deity.
Of, relating to, emanating from, or being the expression of a deity: sought divine guidance through meditation.
Being in the service or worship of a deity; sacred.
Superhuman; godlike.
Supremely good or beautiful; magnificent: a divine performance of the concerto.
Extremely pleasant; delightful: had a divine time at the ball.
Heavenly; perfect.
A cleric.
A theologian.
To foretell through or as if through the art of divination. See Synonyms at foretell.
To know by inspiration, intuition, or reflection.
To guess.
To locate (underground water or minerals) with a divining rod; douse.
To practice divination.
To guess.
pantheism
The belief that the universe is in some sense divine and should be revered. Pantheism identifies the universe with God but denies any personality or transcendence of such a God.
The belief in all gods; omnitheism.
sophism
A plausible but fallacious argument.
Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.
fickle
Characterized by erratic changeableness or instability, especially with regard to affections or attachments; capricious.
indifferent
Having no particular interest or concern; apathetic: indifferent to the sufferings of others.
Having no marked feeling for or against: She remained indifferent toward their proposal.
Not mattering one way or the other: It's indifferent to me which outfit you choose.
Characterized by a lack of partiality; unbiased: an indifferent judge.
Being neither too much nor too little; moderate.
Being neither good nor bad; mediocre: an indifferent performance. See Synonyms at average.
Being neither right nor wrong.
Not active or involved; neutral: an indifferent chemical in a reaction.
Biology Undifferentiated, as cells or tissue.
conundrum
A riddle in which a fanciful question is answered by a pun.
A paradoxical, insoluble, or difficult problem; a dilemma: "the conundrum, thus far unanswered, of achieving full employment without inflation" (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.)
thought
Past tense and past participle of think.
The act or process of thinking; cogitation.
A product of thinking. See Synonyms at idea.
The faculty of thinking or reasoning.
The intellectual activity or production of a particular time or group: ancient Greek thought; deconstructionist thought.
Consideration; attention: didn't give much thought to what she said.
Intention; purpose: There was no thought of coming home early.
Expectation or conception: She had no thought that anything was wrong.
action
The state or process of acting or doing: The medical team went into action.
Something done or accomplished; a deed. See Usage Note at act.
Organized activity to accomplish an objective: a problem requiring drastic action.
The causation of change by the exertion of power or a natural process: the action of waves on a beach; the action of a drug on blood pressure.
A movement or a series of movements, as of an actor.
Manner of movement: a horse with fine action.
Habitual or vigorous activity; energy: a woman of action.
Behavior or conduct. Often used in the plural.
The operating parts of a mechanism.
The manner in which such parts operate.
The manner in which a musical instrument can be played; playability: a piano with quick action.
The series of events and episodes that form the plot of a story or play.
The appearance of animation of a figure in painting or sculpture.
Law A judicial proceeding whose purpose is to obtain relief at the hands of a court.
Armed encounter; combat: missing in action.
An engagement between troops or ships: fought a rear-guard action.
The most important or exciting work or activity in a specific field or area: always heads for where the action is.
ideal
A conception of something in its absolute perfection.
One that is regarded as a standard or model of perfection or excellence.
An ultimate object of endeavor; a goal.
An honorable or worthy principle or aim.
Of, relating to, or embodying an ideal.
Conforming to an ultimate form or standard of perfection or excellence.
Considered the best of its kind.
Completely or highly satisfactory: The location of the new house is ideal.
Existing only in the mind; imaginary.
Lacking practicality or the possibility of realization.
Of, relating to, or consisting of ideas or mental images.
Philosophy Existing as an archetype or pattern, especially as a Platonic idea or perception.
Philosophy Of or relating to idealism.
obstinacy
The state or quality of being stubborn or refractory.
The act or an instance of being stubborn or refractory.
refractory
Obstinately resistant to authority or control. See Synonyms at unruly.
Difficult to melt or work; resistant to heat: a refractory material such as silica.
Resistant to treatment: a refractory case of acne.
One that is refractory.
Material that has a high melting point.
panoply
A splendid or striking array: a panoply of colorful flags. See Synonyms at display.
Ceremonial attire with all accessories: a portrait of the general in full panoply.
Something that covers and protects: a porcupine's panoply of quills.
The complete arms and armor of a warrior.
pernicious
Tending to cause death or serious injury; deadly: a pernicious virus.
Causing great harm; destructive: pernicious rumours.
Archaic Evil; wicked.
adamantine
Made of or resembling adamant.
Having the hardness or luster of a diamond.
Unyielding; inflexible: "If there is one dominant trait that emerges from this account, it is adamantine willpower" (Eugene Linden).
adamant
Impervious to pleas, appeals, or reason; stubbornly unyielding. See Synonyms at inflexible.
A stone once believed to be impenetrable in its hardness.
An extremely hard substance.
deracinate
To pull out by the roots; uproot.
To displace from one's native or accustomed environment.
retinue
The retainers or attendants accompanying a high-ranking person.
lamprey
Any of various primitive elongated freshwater or anadromous fishes of the family Petromyzontidae, characteristically having a jawless sucking mouth with rasping teeth. Also called lamper eel.
remit
To transmit (money) in payment.
To refrain from exacting (a tax or penalty, for example); cancel.
To pardon; forgive: remitted their sins.
To restore to a former condition or position.
Law To refer (a case) to another court for further consideration or action.
Law To refer (a matter) to a committee or authority for decision.
To allow to slacken: The storm remitted its fury.
To desist from; give up.
To put off; postpone.
To transmit money.
To diminish; abate.
The act of remitting, especially the referral of a case to another court.
A matter remitted for further consideration.
immobile
Immovable; fixed.
Not moving; motionless.
exculpation
The act of freeing from guilt or blame.
venality
The condition of being susceptible to bribery or corruption.
The use of a position of trust for dishonest gain.
inveigh
To give vent to angry disapproval; protest vehemently.
aloof
Distant physically or emotionally; reserved and remote: stood apart with aloof dignity.
At a distance but within view; apart.
codicil
Law A supplement or appendix to a will.
A supplement or appendix.
stalwart
Having or marked by imposing physical strength.
Firm and resolute; stout.
One who is physically and morally strong.
One who steadfastly supports an organization or cause: party stalwarts.
recitation
The act of reciting memorized materials in a public performance.
The material so presented.
Oral delivery of prepared lessons by a pupil.
The class period within which this delivery occurs.
metrical
Of, relating to, or composed in poetic meter: metrical verse; five metrical units in a line.
Of or relating to measurement.
abject
Brought low in condition or status.
Being of the most contemptible kind: abject cowardice.
Being of the most miserable kind; wretched: abject poverty.
preceptor
A teacher; an instructor.
An expert or specialist, such as a physician, who gives practical experience and training to a student, especially of medicine or nursing.
The head of a preceptory.
judicature
Administration of justice.
The position, function, or authority of a judge.
The jurisdiction of a law court or judge.
A court or system of courts of law.
ingenuous
Lacking in cunning, guile, or worldliness; artless.
Openly straightforward or frank; candid. See Synonyms at naive.
Obsolete Ingenious.
insensible
Imperceptible; inappreciable: an insensible change in temperature.
Very small or gradual: insensible movement.
Having lost consciousness, especially temporarily; unconscious: lay insensible where he had fallen.
Not invested with sensation; inanimate: insensible clay.
Devoid of physical sensation or the power to react, as to pain or cold; numb.
Unaware; unmindful: I am not insensible of your concern.
Not emotionally responsive; indifferent: insensible to criticism.
Lacking meaning; unintelligible.
supervene
To come or occur as something extraneous, additional, or unexpected. See Synonyms at follow.
To follow immediately after; ensue.
Philosophy To be dependent on a set of facts or properties in such a way that change can occur only after change has occurred in those facts or properties.
fixity
The quality or condition of being fixed.
Something fixed or immovable.
helmsman
A person who steers a ship.
horme
Psychology Activity directed toward a goal; purposive effort.
Greek hormḗ: impetus, impulse.
congenial
Having the same tastes, habits, or temperament; sympathetic.
Of a pleasant disposition; friendly and sociable: a congenial host.
Suited to one's needs or nature; agreeable: congenial surroundings.
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